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2.
Cad. Saúde Pública (Online) ; 38(9): e00033622, 2022. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1404048

ABSTRACT

Migrantes internacionales han sido reconocidos como población de riesgo en el contexto de la pandemia de COVID-19. A nivel mundial se han desplegado diversas estrategias para la protección de esta población, como la habilitación de centros de recepción y cuarentena o aislamiento. El artículo da cuenta de los resultados de un estudio que exploró las experiencias de migrantes internacionales en residencias sanitarias dispuestas en Chile para la realización de cuarentenas seguras en el marco de la pandemia COVID-19, desde un enfoque de condiciones éticas para el cuidado. Se realizó un estudio cualitativo entre los años 2020-2021. Se efectuaron 30 entrevistas individuales semi-estructuradas en línea en las ciudades de Arica, Iquique, Antofagasta y Santiago a migrantes internacionales con experiencia de uso de residencias sanitarias; equipos de salud de residencias sanitarias; mánagers de dichos recintos; autoridades locales; y expertos nacionales. Se realizó análisis temático de la información. El estudio concluye que para migrantes internacionales, si bien la experiencia en residencias sanitarias ha significado un apoyo sanitario significativo, es imprescindible que el cuidado proporcionado, además de la exigencia que se enmarque en un enfoque de derechos y de respeto a la dignidad de cada persona, incorpore la perspectiva de la interculturalidad en su quehacer, es decir, asegurando el derecho a servicios de salud culturalmente pertinentes, respetuosos de la cultura de las personas, las minorías, los pueblos y las comunidades.


International migrants have been recognized as a population at risk in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Worldwide, various strategies have been deployed for the protection of this population, such as the establishment of reception and quarantine or isolation centers. This article reports the results of a study that explored the experiences of international migrants in nursing homes in Chile created to ensure a safe quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic, from an approach of ethical conditions for care. A qualitative study was carried out in 2020-2021. Thirty individual semi-structured online interviews were conducted in the cities of Arica, Iquique, Antofagasta and Santiago with international migrants with experience of using nursing homes; health teams of nursing homes; managers of nursing homes; local authorities; and national experts. Thematic analysis of the information was carried out. The study concludes that for international migrants, although the experience in nursing homes has meant significant health support, it is essential that the care provided, in addition to the requirement that it be framed in an approach of rights and respect for the dignity of each person, incorporate the perspective of interculturality in its work, that is, ensuring the right to culturally relevant health services, respectful of the culture of individuals, minorities, peoples and communities.


Migrantes internacionais foram reconhecidos como uma população de risco no contexto da pandemia de COVID-19. Em todo o mundo, várias estratégias têm sido implantadas para a proteção dessa população, como o estabelecimento de centros de acolhimento e quarentena ou isolamento. Este artigo relata os resultados de um estudo que explorou as experiências de migrantes internacionais em residências de saúde organizadas no Chile para quarentena segura no âmbito da pandemia de COVID-19, a partir de uma abordagem de condições éticas para o atendimento. Foi realizado um estudo qualitativo entre os anos de 2020-2021. Foram realizadas 30 entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas online nas cidades de Arica, Iquique, Antofagasta e Santiago com migrantes internacionais com experiência de uso de residências de saúde; equipes de saúde das residências de saúde; gestores dos referidos locais; autoridades locais; e especialistas nacionais. Foi realizada análise temática das informações. O estudo conclui que para os migrantes internacionais, embora a experiência em residências de saúde tenha significado significativo apoio à saúde, é imprescindível que os cuidados prestados, além da exigência de que sejam enquadrados em uma abordagem de direitos e respeito à dignidade de cada pessoa, incorporar a perspectiva da interculturalidade em seu trabalho, ou seja, garantir o direito a serviços de saúde culturalmente relevantes, que respeitem a cultura dos indivíduos, minorias, povos e comunidades.

3.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 148(9)sept. 2020.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1389316

ABSTRACT

We share the experience of a clinical relationship that arose between a medical student and a patient hospitalized due to a SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. The analysis of this experience and the discussion of medical students' possible role in patient care suggest that they should be included as members of the health care team during their clinical practice. This would mean a positive contribution for both the patients' care and the students' learning experience.


Subject(s)
Humans , Professional-Patient Relations , Students, Medical , COVID-19 , Patient Care Team
4.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 148(3): 381-386, mar. 2020.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1115802

ABSTRACT

The Chilean Academy of Medicine designated a group of specialists to evaluate the practice and to propose reforms for organ donation and transplantation, due to the general insufficiencies at the national level with these procedures. In the last six years the mean number of organ transplants in Chile was 340 cases per year while effective cadaveric donors ranged between 6 and 10 per million inhabitants. These averages remained stable during this period and are among the lowest in the region. Our analysis attributed these deficient results mainly to low organ donation and inefficient procurement due to lack of compliance with protocols and little accountability. The committee proposes several measures for improvement. These are a systematic and obligatory report of potential organ donors by all emergency and critical care centers, frequent evaluation of results, empowering of health authorities to correct insufficiencies in organ procurement, education programs for primary, secondary, technical and university students to improve their knowledge about the social significance and solidarity required for transplantation policies and specialized updated training of all health professionals involved. Organ donation and transplantation must be based on clear and fair ethical considerations in order to be accepted by the general public.


Subject(s)
Humans , Tissue and Organ Procurement , Organ Transplantation , Tissue Donors , Chile , Health Personnel
5.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 146(4): 518-522, abr. 2018.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-961423

ABSTRACT

When prescribing a treatment, the physician should give truthful information about the likely benefits and the potential adverse effects, allowing the patient to make an autonomous decision about whether to take the treatment. However, the mere expectation of adverse effects may precipitate the corresponding symptoms. This is called "nocebo effect", which in contrast to the placebo effect, can lead to harm to the patient due to psychological factors. Nocebo effects are common and clinically significant, although often unnoticed. This situation generates conflicts in medical ethics guiding principles, namely the moral obligation to disclose all possible effects of the prescribed drug as opposed to the duty of avoiding the harm of side effects that are likely to occur in a case. In other words, the physician faces a dilemma between the due respect for autonomy and the duty of non-maleficence. This article reflects about this conflict, by exploring the limits of the principle of autonomy and how to balance it with the principle of non-maleficence. We suggest an interpretation of the principle of autonomy from a patient-centered perspective, suggesting that it is ethically sound to give a prudential, partial disclosure of information to the patient, for the sake of avoiding potential nocebo effects. The article concludes with some cautionary considerations to be considered about this decision.


Subject(s)
Humans , Disclosure/ethics , Ethical Analysis , Ethics, Medical , Nocebo Effect , Personal Autonomy , Moral Obligations , Decision Making/ethics
6.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 145(3): 386-392, Mar. 2017. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-845552

ABSTRACT

Ten years after the approval of the Chilean bill that regulates scientific research in humans (Law Nº 20.120), and considering the current status of accreditation and training of many Research Ethics Committee (REC), it is necessary to analyze their performance. We analyzed the Chilean experience with REC aiming to propose a differential type of review, considering the risks to research participants. To improve the quality of the review and the efficiency of these committees, we propose to differentiate the revisions depending on the type of project, its methods and its risks. Initially, the types of review should be classified as exempt from review, expedited review and full review by the committee. In this proposal the type of review is confirmed or can be modified by a designated member of the committee after an initial review of the project. Thus, the deliberation and review times of the committee could be optimized avoiding delays in their revision.


Subject(s)
Humans , Ethical Review , Ethics Committees, Research/standards , Biomedical Research/ethics , Chile , Ethics Committees, Research/legislation & jurisprudence , Accreditation
8.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 81(6): 536-540, dic. 2010.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-583040

ABSTRACT

In medical practice, there are situations where medical opinion differs from the patient's perception of their own benefit. This situation becomes more complex when the parents of a minor child are who deny their children life- saving treatment. It is necessary to determine how far professionals will fight over the management of a child's care if parents refuse treatment. To help in the development of criteria, three recently publicized cases are reviewed, including an analysis of the possible limits of parents to decide the treatment of their children. It is concluded that while it is vital to understand and respect the parents' beliefs, the fundamental duty is to the patient and their right to live. Therefore, it is justified to access the Courts when persuasion fails.


En la práctica de la medicina nos encontramos ocasionalmente con situaciones en las que la opinión médica discrepa con la del paciente acerca de su mayor beneficio. Esta situación se torna aún más compleja cuando son los padres del paciente menor de edad quienes se niegan a que sus hijos reciban un tratamiento que le puede salvar la vida. Se hace necesario precisar hasta dónde luchar por la salud de un niño si sus padres rechazan los tratamientos. Con el propósito de contribuir a establecer criterios en este tema, se presentan tres casos públicos recientes y se analizan los posibles límites de la autoridad de los padres para decidir los tratamientos de sus hijos. Se concluye que es de vital importancia comprender y respetar las creencias de los padres del menor, pero que en último término nuestro compromiso fundamental es con el paciente y su derecho a la vida, razón por la cual se justifica, ante el fracaso de la persuasión, recurrir a los tribunales como última instancia.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Female , Child , Attitude to Health , Bioethics , Parental Consent , Treatment Refusal/ethics , Parents/psychology , Treatment Refusal/legislation & jurisprudence , Moral Obligations , Physician-Patient Relations , Decision Making/ethics
9.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 1(2): 138-43, feb. 1997. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-201127

ABSTRACT

En la actualidad, no existe información publicada sobre las órdenes formales de "no resucitar" a los pacientes pediátricos en los países en desarrollo, aunque se ha debatido a fondo cómo determinar quién debe intervenir en estas decisiones. En este artículo se presenta la experiencia del Comité de Ética Clínica del Hospital Calvo MacKenna de Santiago, un hospital pediátrico público de Chile. El Comité estaba integrado por cuatro miembros permanentes, todos ellos médicos, y por otros profesionales, como clérigos, enfermeras, el jefe de la sección de pacientes del hospital y el médico que atendía al paciente. Los médicos presentaban casos al Comité voluntariamente, pero las recomendaciones de este no debían cumplirse por obligación. De 1990 a 1993, el Comité recomendó órdenes de no resucitar a 16 de los 34 pacientes evaluados. Se hizo un análisis retrospectivo de los registros hospitalarios de esos 16 pacientes, para recabar información sobre su edad, el diagnóstico emitido, las recomendaciones concretas del Comité y el desenlace del caso. Se observó que, además de la orden de no resucitar, el Comité solía recomendar medidas concretas para ayudar a los padres del niño y al personal que lo atendía. La media de la edad de los pacientes fue de 2 años y 2 meses. Casi todos ellos padecían múltiples enfermedades crónicas. En todos los casos, las recomendaciones del Comité (adoptadas por consenso) fueron cumplidas por el médico con el consentimiento de los padres del paciente. Once de los 16 pacientes para los que se dieron órdenes de no resucitar fallecieron en el transcurso del estudio. Los cinco restantes siguieron vivos a pesar de tener insuficiencia respiratoria, lesiones neurológicas graves o insuficiencia hepática. En general, las recomendaciones del Comité parecieron ser útiles, ofrecieron sólidos argumentos para tomar la decisión de no resucitar y sugirieron otras medidas de apoyo a los pacientes, sus familias y los profesionales que los atendían. Este resultado respalda la idea de que los comités de ética clínica pueden prestar un apoyo valioso y ofrecer una oportunidad para tomar mejores decisiones en los hospitales públicos de los países en desarrollo


No published information is currently available about formal "do not resuscitate" (DNR) orders for pediatric patients in developing countries, even though there has been extensive discussion of how to determine who should be involved in such decisions. This article reports the experience of the Clinical Ethics Committee of the Calvo MacKenna Hospital in Santiago, which is a pediatric public hospital in Chile. The Committee consisted of four permanent members, all physicians, and other members including clergymen, nurses, the head of the hospital's patient unit, and the attending physician. Physicians submitted cases to the Committee on a voluntary basis, and the Committee's recommendations were not binding. During the 1990­1993 study period, the Committee recommended issuing DNR orders for 16 of the 34 patients it evaluated. The hospital records of these 16 patients were retrospectively reviewed for information about the patient's age and diagnosis, the Committee's specific recommendations, and the outcome of the case. It was found that the Committee typically recommended specific measures to help the child's parents and attending staff in addition to the DNR orders. The average patient age was 2 years, 2 months. Nearly all of the patients had chronic and multiple pathologies. In all cases the Committee's recommendations (taken by consensus) were followed by the attending physician with the consent of the patient's parents. Eleven of the 16 patients for whom DNR orders were issued died during the study period. The five others remained alive despite respiratory insufficiency, severe neurologic damage, or hepatic failure. In general, the Committee's recommendations appeared useful, providing strong arguments for DNR decisions and suggesting further support measures for patients, their families, and the attending professionals. This finding reinforces the idea that clinical ethics committees can provide both valuable support and an opportunity to arrive at better decisions in the public hospitals of developing countries


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Advance Directives , Hospitals, Pediatric , Resuscitation Orders , Chile , Ethics Committees , Developing Countries
13.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 56(4): 242-7, jul.-ago. 1985. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-1664

ABSTRACT

Se describen los hechos más destácados en cuatro casos de DBP grave, en recién nacidos de 24 a 28 semanas de gestación y de 700 a 1.170 gr. al nacer. Todos fueron tratados con IPPV por períodos entre 41 y 216 días. Entre los trastornos asociados destaca la persistencia del Ductus Citomegalovirus en uno. Dos casos se complicaron con obstrucción laríngea severa . La oxigenoterapia fue necesaria entre 98-315 días, dos pacientes fueron tratados en el domicilio después del alta, por plazos de 27 y 117 días. El total de días de hospitalizados varió entre 100 y 275 días. El seguimiento, hasta edades corregidas entre 8 y 24 meses, muestra desarrollo psicomotor normal en todos los casos y retardo pondo-estatural severo en uno. El pronóstico de la DBP, comparable al de otros recién nacidos de muy bajo peso, justifica el esfuerzo y el costo del tratamiento


Subject(s)
Infant, Newborn , Humans , Male , Female , Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia/therapy , Intermittent Positive-Pressure Ventilation , Anthropometry , Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia/physiopathology , Follow-Up Studies , Growth
14.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 56(2): 92-5, mar.-abr. 1985. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-1146

ABSTRACT

Se efectuó una auditoría de las muertes ocurridas en la Unidad de Neonatolog'iade la Maternidad del Hospital del Salvador, entre el 1o de Julio de 1981 y el 30de Junio de 1983. En este período nacieron 22.200 niños y fallecieron 262. Se analizan las tasas de mortalidad, siendo el promedio de 11,80%. Se estudian los fallecidos de acuerdo a peso de nacimiento. En el grupo de niños de menos de 1.500g. de peso al nacer, hubo 135 fallecidos. Destacan como causa inmediata de muerte: la hemorragia intracraneana, la inmadurez extrema, el SDRI, sepsis y otras infecciones y las anomalías congénitas. En el grupo de 1.501 a 2.500 g. fallecieron 76 niños. Las causas inmediatas de muerte más frecuentes fueron: sepsis y otras infecciones, anomalías congénitas y hemorragia intracraneana. En el grupo de más de 2.500 g. fallecieron 51 niños y en ellos destaca como causa inmediata de muerte las anomalías congénitas


Subject(s)
Infant, Newborn , Humans , Male , Female , Infant Mortality , Body Weight , Chile , Prenatal Care
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